In late October, 2011, the White Salmon River in Washington state flowed again as the nearly 100-year-old Condit Dam was disabled with explosives. However, in the wake of this collaborative effort a potential conflict of use has recently arisen; how much recreation use is too much, what level of use is sustainable, and what forms and levels of use have harmful effects on the river ecosystem and ultimately the Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) that are recovering? Lessons from Efforts to Rewild and Protect ORVs. The White Salmon River runs through a remote, rugged, and thriving wildland setting and is sustained by the human communities that live, work, and play there. Our analysis strongly indicates the need for improved postremoval management to ensure protection of ORVs. Rivers are crucial to the ecological functioning of core areas, particularly because of biotic and abiotic corridor connectivity, trophic order in lentic (wetlands) and lotic (rapids) systems, and biodiversity and habitat value in general. A year after a dynamite blast punched a hole in the Condit Dam, the last remnants of the structure are gone and access restrictions on the White Salmon River are now lifted downstream of Northwestern Park. Retrieved from http://www.critfc.org/member_tribes_overview/ the-confederated-tribes-and-bands-of- the-yakama-nation/. The Condit Dam removal and moving forward in the White Salmon River. Retrieved from http://www.yakamanationnsn.gov/history. There is concern among the federal land management agencies regarding effects of boating-related activities on recolonization and proliferation of endangered Chinook salmon (Hardiman and Allen 2015), an important concern in relation to ecosystem restoration. Report prepared for Exploratory Grants, Institute of the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson. Harnish, R. A., R. Sharma, G. A. McMichael, R.B. Northwestern Reservoir drained in under an hour, revealing the muddy canyon and old timber coffer dam far below. Management Plan for the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area. Draft White Salmonsubbasin plan: Portland, Oregon, Northwest Power and Conservation Council. 69 Reviews #12 of 60 things to do in Hood River. September. Unpublished Phd dissertation. 2015. In fact, recreation may now be putting pressure on other system components – namely species and habitats that are known to be vulnerable to human disturbance. We report on the 2011 removal of the Condit Dam on the Lower White Salmon River, which had been declared wild and scenic in 1986. Specifically, the researchers wanted to identify any perceptions of crowding, acceptable number of times to see others, accept- able time to wait before starting their activity, reasons for recreating, quality of facilities and services, and how others impact their experience. Amazing river with an interesting history (the dam was removed in 2011, allowing the river to run free, which changed the topography). The lack of discernable criteria for determining, monitoring, and evaluating river use capacity on the White Salmon River is problematic in properly managing for ORVs and are without ways to assess the ORV validity and longevity. It may involve reintroducing large predators and keystone species and providing connectivity between core wilderness areas (Foreman 2004). Langshaw, and T. N. Pearsons. Before the Condit Dam was constructed, the Yakama used to fish for salmon and steelhead on the White Salmon River, and its confluence with the Columbia is a traditional trading area (Washines 2011). Condit Dam Hydroelectric Project Final Supplemental EIS i Fact Sheet Project Title Condit Dam Removal Proponent PacifiCorp 825 NE Multnomah St., Suite 1500 Portland, Oregon 97232-2135 Proposed Action PacifiCorp proposes to remove the Condit Hydroelectric Project on the White Salmon River in The principal focus was to better manage Special Use Permits to limit conflicts among visitors during high-use seasons. November. Parts of the river have been designated Wild and Scenic. [3] Originating on the slopes of Mount Adams, it flows into the Columbia Gorge near the community of Underwood. [7]. Those management targets range from as low as 325 and 19,600 on river section 4 to the highest range on river section 2 of 1,700 and 74,100 (United States Department of Interior [USDI] 1993). Native fish species, including Chinook salmon, now can return to a river they have not visited for nearly a century (Figure 3). Condit Dam Removal, White Salmon River, Washington - Interfluve Condit Dam Removal, White Salmon River, Washington We developed the sediment management plan for breaching the 95-year-old, 125-foot-high Condit Dam located in southern Washington State. The Summer of 2012 was sp… The final blast dislodged the last part of the main wall of the drain tunnel and the reservoir behind it. 2014. In 2010, Burns et al. With the White Salmon once again flowing freely into the Columbia River, migrating salmon and steelhead have only the Bonneville Dam just downstream from the confluence to overcome. Key Topics in Conservation Biology 2: 430–451. A. Stanford. Report. This river offers some of the best class III– IV rapids in a natural setting and it is runnable year-round. In 2011, 700 tons of dynamite released the dam’s sediment and waters from Northwest Lake. Guided whitewater trips can be arranged with commercial outfitters with special-use permits for the White Salmon. [9] All indication points towards increased Pacific Salmon and Steelhead runs since Condit Dam was fully removed in 2012. We address whether significant increases in one of the ORVs established under the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act compromise the other values, and if so, whether it threatens river rewilding. Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area Interagency Team. It is estimated that approximately 25,000 boaters, mostly in paddle rafts and kayaks, use the river each year. US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1100. Moreover, the dam held back valuable sediment needed to replenish downstream river habitat. Approximately 10,000 people float the popular Middle Fork of the Salmon River through the Frank Church – River of No Return Wilderness in Idaho on permitted trips (Middle Fork 2015). Relatively low gradient tributaries such as Trout Lake Creek enter the mainstem from the west. The day-use area at the put-in includes parking, restrooms, and toilets. This case exemplifies how challenges to dam removal, such as a lack of data and scientific knowledge, dissent among stakeholders, and economic barriers can be successfully overcome and rewilding of the river can occur. White Salmon River monitoring study summer 2016. In October of 2011, PacifiCorp breached Condit Dam, allowing the White Salmon River to flow freely to the Columbia River for the first time in roughly 100 years. White Salmon River. WHITE SALMON, Wash., U.S. 10/27/11 (PennWell) — With a muffled roar and a puff of pulverized concrete, PacifiCorp blasted open 14.7-MW Condit Dam on Oct. 26, ending nearly a century of power generation and opening 33 miles of Washington’s White Salmon River to steelhead and salmon migration. In the case of the Elwha, although the dams were originally perceived to provide various social-ecological benefits to the surrounding region, the cultural and environmental benefits of removing and rewilding the river can ultimately outweigh costs. Along with the Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, they cosponsored the first engineering study with Paci- fiCorp that demonstrated that dam removal was an economically feasible option and were involved in negotiations throughout the entire process. The Old Condit Powerhouse still stands as a historic/visual reminder when over 14.7 MW of hydro power was once produced along the White Salmon River. Foundations of Ecological Resilience. Correspondingly, when asked how many people are in their group, the vast majority (90%) stated 15 people or fewer. Technical report of the Interagency Wild and Scenic Rivers Coordinating Council. As the most popular river in the Columbia River Gorge, the White Salmon is a top destination for boaters nationwide. Access restored to White Salmon River, successful Condit Dam removal November 5, 2012. National Wild and Scenic River System. The Wild & Scenic River Study Process. Central to river rewilding is restoration of the natural flow regime (Poff et al. Fornander, D. E. 2008. php. CHRISTOPHER A. SCOTT is a professor of geography and development and research professor of water resources policy at the University of Arizona, focusing on river-basin resilience in the US Southwest, the Andes, and Himalayas; email: cascott@email.arizona.edu. The White Salmon River is more than a playground for whitewater enthusiasts. It may also be revised when monitoring and evaluation indicate conditions or demands within or near the boundary have changed significantly, or when the Area Manager determines that changes in major policies, goals or objectives would have significant effect on the ability to implement the plan.”. The 125-foot high dam was an impassable barrier and limited salmon and steelhead to only three river miles. However, the construction of the system of dams throughout the basin has radically altered the salmon life cycle and, consequently, the lifestyle of the Native people who have historically relied upon them (Harnish et al. Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area Interagency Recreation Team: Recreation Report and Recommended Interim Strategies. 2014. 1991. Rafts and kayaks floating down the river while salmon are staging, selecting redd locations, and/or spawning, have been anecdotally recognized to cause displacement of fish from redds (SNF 1995). US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Pacific Northwest Region. To put use levels on the White Salmon River in perspective, about 26,000 people raft the Colorado River from Lee’s Ferry to Diamond Creek each year on permitted trips (Jackson 2012), including both private and commercial users. 2015). This designation was based on five ORVs (USDA 1991), although only one is needed for eligibility: The ORVs required were proposed by the USFS as the administering agency to “protect and enhance” the river’s free-flowing condition, water quality, and its ORVs. The Yakama Nation was a key player in the removal of the Condit Dam in 2011. 2003. Subsequently, this was followed in 2005 by designation of a longer segment of the upper river between the headwaters and the boundary of the Gifford Pinchot National Forest. White Salmon River. Gimblett, H. R., C. A. Scott, and M. Hammersley. 2013. The opportunity for the boating community to float past the dam site and continue down to the Columbia River has prompted much interest. NOAA Fisheries. Retrieved from http://www.recreation.gov/permits/ Middle_Fork_Of_The_Salmon_4_ Rivers/r/wildernessAreaDetails.do?contra ctCode=NRSO&parkId=75534. In addition, we reflect on the importance of river monitoring data and scientific knowledge to aid in protecting ORVs. The White Salmon has experienced tremendous growth from approximately 4,000 visitors in 1987 to nearly 20,000 in 2007 (Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area Interagency Team 2014). Bureau of Land Management. 2015). PacifiCorp, a utilities company that owns and operates Condit Dam, has proposed to decommission … Adams combined with the immense aquifers in the area, keep the White Salmon bubbling all summer long! Helpful. Pacific Power’s 17-min. Abstract: Dam removal is a major contribution to rewilding of rivers, through restoring riverine ecosystems; reconnecting upstream and downstream wilderness for fish, predators, and humans; and enhancing social-ecological resilience to climate change and other stressors. 1994. Follow. Bedrock confinement extends upstream for several kilometers, including the 3 m tall Husum Falls 7km upstream of the dam site. Washington State Department of Ecology. The Condit removal has provided an increased opportunity for anadromous fish in the river upstream of the old dam site to BZ falls (Figure 2). The discharge spike on the right depicts the increase in flows immediately following dam breach before the gage failed at 13,600 cfs. 69 Reviews #12 of 60 things to do in Hood River. This approach is less formulaic than the conventional agency-based approach and often requires professional judgment, with input sought and documented from organizations and individuals familiar with specific river resources (US Department of Agriculture [USDA] 2011). clip includes the dam’s history. The pre-dam average channel slope through the reservoir reach is about 0.009m/m (Figure 2d). Rewilding North America: A Vision for Conservation in the 21st Century. Celilo Falls, located on the Columbia River East of The Dalles, Oregon, was an important trading area and sacred fishing grounds for several tribes in the region before it was completely flooded by the con-truction of the Dalles Dam in 1957 (The Yakama Nation Main Agency Offices 2014). Full day whitewater tours will also take visitors rafting through the former Condit Dam/Northwestern Lake portion of the White Salmon River and to the Columbia River confluence. Recreational Use Levels on the White Salmon River. The Wild and Scenic Rivers Act provides overall legal authority and requirements for planning and management of rivers that are components of the National Wild and Scenic River System. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1(6): 298–306. US Department of Interior. As this rewilding is in process, social and ecological conditions continue to change. Beautiful place. Bodies of Water. 1999. Use levels are increasing, potentially threatening both the outstandingly remarkable values (ORVs) for which the river was designated and rewilding benefits set in motion by dam removal. Fisheries 19(8): 11–19. John T wrote a review Jul 2018. Recent studies were undertaken in 2014 (Gimblett et al. However, their protection involves potential conflict with other river uses, such as hydro- power, irrigation, and recreation (Poff et al. The event was a significant milestone for river restoration and dam removal. Further dam… The dam, at river kilometer (rkm) 5.3, was breached in 2011 and completely removed by September 14, 2012. The 13.7-megawatt Condit Project, located on the White Salmon River in Skamania and Klickitat counties, Washington, was completed in 1913 and produced hydroelectricity for the paper industry in Washington and the growing communities in and near Portland. Two wooden fish ladders were constructed on Condit Dam in the early years, but were washed out with the flooding and high water on the river. The “new” section of river flowing to the Columbia from what used to be Northwestern Lake has been termed the “Lower Lower” section of the White Salmon River. of the White Salmon River are high gradient seasonal streams created by snow and glacial run off. Reduced habitat quantity, reduced channel stability, and increased peak flow may also limit productivity of fall Chinook salmon in the White Salmon River (Allen and Connolly 2005). The Yakama culture and liveli- hoods are very closely tied to the salmon runs that have historically occurred throughout the Columbia River Basin (Columbia River Inter- Tribal Fish Commission 2014). The Summer of 2012 was spent in the actual removal of the main dam structure and timber coffer dam. The White Salmon is a one-hour drive east from Portland, a magnet for kayakers and rafters, and a potential haven for wild salmon that have teetered on the edge of extinction for nearly a century. Gimblett, H. R. 2016. Middle Fork of the Salmon. These irrigation dams may be full/partial barriers to resident trout populations. The White Salmon River is a 44-mile (71 km) tributary of the Columbia River in the U.S. state of Washington. In addition to the newly accessible habitat for fish, dam removal has opened5 more miles of recreational white- water boating in the former reservoir and bypass reach downstream of the former dam. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Caution is still advised as the rapids on the lower river are significant. Bodies of Water. Two principal avenues exist to determine eligibility. only dam between the White Salmon River and the ocean. The White Salmon River is well known as a white-water rafting and kayaking destination (Figure 4). The first is the conventional approach as established by federal agency or contract personnel, in which “[e]ligibility is based on an examination of the river’s hydrology, including any man-made alterations, and an inventory of its natural, cultural and recreational resources” (National Wild and Scenic River System 1999). Foreman, D. 2004. Ongoing mitigation and restoration efforts include sediment stabilization and re-vegetation of the newly exposed reservoir sediment (Greenworks and others, 2011; Inter-Fluve, 2013). The Condit Dam on the White Salmon River in the vicinity of Mount Adams in Washington State (Figure 1) was removed in 2011, largely for the purpose of reintroducing anadromous fish species back to the river (Washington State Department of Ecology 2007). The White Salmon River, between rkm 8 and rkm 20.4, is part of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers system (U.S. Forest Service 1991), and between its confluence with the Columbia River and rkm 5.3, it is included in the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area (Columbia River Gorge Commission 1991). White Salmon River, Hood River: Address, Phone Number, White Salmon River Reviews: 5/5. The White Salmon River is used for whitewater boating nearly year-round. Idaho Habitat Branch, Northwest Region. The Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation. November. 1997) that allows for free-flowing conditions with variations in temperature, oxygen, and nutrients required for the primary productivity and trophic diversity essential to the functioning of aquatic habitats. Jackson, K. 2012. When visitors were asked what type of experience they think should be provided, more than one-third (38%) reported undeveloped recreation. Cur- rent growth in river use (Figure 5) threatens the ability for the river to adequately rewild. It perhaps even has an impact on other ORVs, such as the natural character of the gorge, Yakama cultural values, and return- ing salmon. Abstract: Dam removal is a major contribution to rewilding of rivers, through restoring riverine ecosystems; reconnecting upstream and downstream wilderness for fish, predators, and humans; and enhancing social-ecological resilience to climate change and other stressors.We report on the 2011 removal of the Condit Dam on the Lower White Salmon River, which had been declared wild and scenic … of this explosion. Read more. 2003. The Condit was decommissioned largely to reintroduce anadromous fish to the river and involved collaboration among many interests. With a viable population of Chi- nook salmon returning to the river and the Yakama Nation poised to reestablish its traditional salmon fish- ing practices, the question that can be asked is if the river is really being properly managed for the ORVs determined according to the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act. Along Lakeview Road on Mill Creek in the White Salmon, does recreational compromise. 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