A lock () or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. The same pendulum records the two horizontal components of the ground shaking, and may produce a coupling between them. (121.2 miles), 1950-04-04 18:44:19 UTC The horizontal component works as a reversed pendulum with a stationary mass of approximately 1000 kg. The 1 direction makes an angle of 80 with the southern segment when 1 is oriented NS, and 60 when 1 is oriented N30. The observed surface ruptures are about 130 km long. (79.2 miles), 2011-12-27 15:21:56 UTC Surface ruptures associated with the Tsetserleg earthquake (1905 July 9, in green) and the Bolnay earthquake (1905 July 23, in red). The most probable models suggested are pure strike-slip, striking N280E, dipping north 50 to 90 . Thus we needed a longer source history. The dip angle and the nucleation depth were most of the time free. Particular effort has been done to retrieve a no deformed signal from the historical seismograms. We see that, 100 yr after these large events, the activity is still located near these faults. Kyren Show quakes near me! In 1905 there were about a hundred seismic stations operating around the world (Wood 1921). Chicago Fire Illinois December 30, 1903, St. Petersburg Revolution Russia January 22, 1905, The COVID Variant You Might STILL Get in Some States, 4 Viral Threats Worse Than the New Coronavirus, COVID Aftermath: 2 DEVASTATING Side Effects of the Vaccine, 10 Foods That Can Have a Devastating Effect on You, 10 Contagious Diseases Worse Than COVID-19, 6 Deadly Bioweapons the US Has Faced in the Past, 11 Devastatingly Easy Ways To Lose Weight, 8 Common Things Devastated By Coronavirus. We thank two anonymous reviewers for their careful reading of the manuscript, and their valuable suggestions. The rupture propagated into three directions, to the south east along the Teregtiin fault, to the west (over about 100 km) and to east (over about 275 km) along the Bolnay main fault. Its length is about 375 km (Fig. After the map ONE CENTURY OF SEISMICITY IN MONGOLIA (19002000), Adiya et al. At that time very little was known or documented about geological changes in that part of the world. For the July 23 event, as the surface ruptures along the Bolnay fault are quite pure strike-slip and very linear, we allowed a freedom of only 5 on the direction and 6 on the slip angle permitting a maximal vertical movement of 1 m. The amplitude of the source time function, the scalar seismic moment, the delay of each segment from the nucleation and the depth of the rupture were never fixed. at 18:44 April 04, 1950 UTC, Location: The average horizontal displacements are of 10 2 m over 200 km, 8 2 m over 100 km and 5 2 m over 75 km (Baljinnyam et al. (43.2 miles), 1960-12-03 04:24:18 UTC [4], The Bolnai earthquake was preceded by the Tsetserleg earthquake two weeks earlier and is considered a part of the same general crustal movement. Therefore, we only compared the synthetic to the recorded ones (direct problem). Epicenter at 47.7, 92.579 2003). Aktash (23.2 miles), 1927-05-22 22:32:49 UTC The 1905 Tsetserleg earthquake occurred in or near the Tsetserleg Sum of Khvsgl Province in Mongolia on 9 July 1905. It would be at least 40 km for Bolnay. For our study, we consider it as negligible. The pivot with the cardan, the back pulling spring and the articulations are built with leaf springs in order to decrease friction. The PcP arrives at more than 1 min for Gttingen and Jena and at more than 1.5 min for Uppsala after the P. Then, for signal duration of 150 s, the use of a unique emergence angle is acceptable for the 1905 July 9 and 23 events except for the end of the P wave which could be affected by PcP with another emergence angle. They are orientated N 80 5 and they displace a river in a left lateral way (Table 4a). The Jena and Gttingen stations being very close, the recorded waveforms are very similar. Cadek (1987) gives a procedure for transforming the (xi, yi) coordinates into time and amplitude. Influence of the Teregtiin segments on the modelled S-waveforms for the Bolnay earthquake. The best total seismic moment, Mo = 7.27 0.40 1021 N m, is comparable to that estimated by Okal (1977)(Mo = 5.5 2.5 1021 N m). Amarjargal S. Historical seismograms are being used more frequently now, due to the recent efforts to organize the collections, and to digitize the old records (Ferrari 2000; Michelini et al. Central Mongolia. The Wiechert works linearly for small oscillations. The Dngen rupture broke about 24 s after the nucleation. Calais E. (a) Effect of the nucleation and rupture depths on the modelled body waveforms at Jena and Gttingen (Bolnay earthquake). 47.2 km from at 15:21 December 27, 2011 UTC, Location: 2002). Tapponnier P. Nevertheless, we cannot explain the amplitude or the SH polarity (Fig. Then, the two predicted values are averaged with weights given by the corresponding standard deviations. Top 5 Most Violent States to Live in The US, The US Armys 5 Disastrous Wartime Decisions, 6 of the Most Powerful Revolutions in History, 6 Times We Have Avoided All Out Nuclear War, Devastating Political Assassinations That Changed History, The Story Behind The U2 Spy Plane And All Its Consequences May, 1, 1960, Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic 1922-1923, Putins Finger Is on the Nuclear Bomb: Heres Where You Could Hide, Warning: Americans Should Prepare for an Earthquake (5 Tips), 5 Devastating Deaths That Impacted History, US States Most Likely to Get an Earthquake, Dangerous Surgeries! Therefore, we will test various nucleation depths between 17 and 55 km. (2002) used fault plane solutions from the TsetserlegBolnay sequence (Schlupp 1996) and two different procedures. Epicenter at 48.105, 103.064 Januar bis 31. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. 2003). The Bulnay earthquake of July 23, 1905 (Mw 8.3-8.5), in north-central Mongolia, is one of the world's largest recorded intracontinental earthquakes and one of four great earthquakes that occurred in the region during the 20th century. 195.2 km from Since the observed signal amplitudes are about 2030 mm, we consider that the amplitude decrease is less than 10 per cent. The Tsetserleg earthquake is believed to be a strike-slip rupture of a branch of the Bolnai Fault, extending about 190 km. Solutions for an eastward propagation during the Tsetserleg earthquake. at 01:03 October 01, 2003 UTC, Location: The magnitude Mw is between 8.34 0.04 and 8.51 0.02. (2003). In fact, we did not find any record of surface waves other than the one used by Okal (1977). Exceptions to this are earthquakes which have caused death, injury or damage. The particle motion of the P wave is polarized along the direction of the path of the wave. Other arrivals during this period (PKiKP/pPKiKP/sPKiKP) have almost vertical emergence angles, and are quite invisible on the two horizontal components. United States, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20192, Region 2: South Atlantic-Gulf (Includes Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands), Region 12: Pacific Islands (American Samoa, Hawaii, Guam, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands), Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, Earthquake geology of the Bulnay Fault (Mongolia), Magali Rizza, Jean-Franciois Ritz, Carol S. Prentice, Ricardo Vassallo, Regis Braucher, Christophe Larroque, A. Arzhannikova, S. Arzhanikov, Shannon A. Mahan, M. Massault, J-L. Michelot, M. Todbileg, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. at 16:35 December 17, 1938 UTC, Location: At the first step, we model a nucleation at 17 km depth, near the base of the seismogenic zone, and a rupture propagating down to 30 km, the schizosphere zone (Table 3a). Indeed, the result is more stable, the source function is simpler and the seismic moment of the different branches is compatible with the field observations (Fig. (29.2 miles), 2003-09-27 18:52:46 UTC E-mail: Search for other works by this author on: Magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes from 1904 to 1980, One century of seismicity in mongolia (19002000), Seismotectonic observations in the region of the north Hangay earthquake of 1905 (MPR) (in Russian), in Questions of seismotectonics of pre-Bakal and adjacent territories, Un problme inverse en microtectonique cassante, Ruptures of Major Earthquakes and Active Deformation in Mongolia and its Surroundings, Seismic images of continental lithosphere, Studying earthquake ground motion in Prague from Wiechert seismograph records, GPS measurements of crustal deformation in the Baikal-Mongolia area (19942002): Implications for current kinematics of Asia, A brief update on the focal depths of intracontinental earthquakes and their correlations with heat flow and tectonic age, Focal depths of intracontinental and intraplate earthquakes and their implications for the thermal and mechanical properties of the lithosphere, Digitization noise and accelerograph pen offset associated with Japanese accelerograms, A reappraisal of the 1950 (Mw 6.9) Mondy earthquake, Siberia, and its relationship to the strain pattern at the south-western end of the Baikal rift zone, Evidence for a seismogenic upper mantle and lower crust in the Baikal Rift, Depth distribution of earthquakes in the Baikal rift system and its implications for the rheology of the lithosphere, Multidisciplinary projects to look back on the roots of seismology, Actes de les V Trobades d'Historia de la Cincia de la Tcnica, Comment on The July 9 and 23, 1905, Mongolian earthquakes: a surface wave investigation by Emile Okal, Electromagnetic constraints on strike-slip geometryThe Fraser River fault system, Earthquakes and the Bases of the Seismic Zoning of Mongolia, The Joint SovietMongolian Scientific Reasearch Geological Expedition. Fig. In the case of the Bolnay earthquake, the source duration is 150 s if we suppose a rupture velocity of 2.5 km s1 and a unilateral rupture along the 375 km of the main fault. Starting at 22 s after the nucleation, it improves the P, SH and SV waveforms. Demjanovich MG, Borisov BA, Vashchilov YY (1995) Deformation and faulting at large earthquakes in Mongolia-Siberian region. 2005). This Mongolia-related article is a stub. Altay Laojunmiao We determined the source history of these events using body waveform inversion. 1993). 1993). ), the most constrained parameters are the azimuth of the segments, the relative position of the segments and the slip angle. Boschi E.. Petit C. Thus, the region of the 1905 events consists of a transition zone with a rotation of 1 from N3049 to NS. Our field observations suggest that in many areas the width and geometry of the rupture zone is the result of repeated earthquakes; however, in those areas where it is possible to determine that the geomorphic features are the result of the 1905 surface rupture alone, the size of the features produced by this single earthquake are singular in comparison to most other historical strikeslip surface ruptures worldwide. at 09:09 December 27, 1991 UTC, Location: TY - JOUR. Epicenter at 49.369, 96.61 Therefore, we allowed a freedom on the parameter rupture depth from 20 to 100 km. They obtained a compressive tensor with 1 horizontal, oriented N41 to N49. The added northeast segment should be associated with 7 m of left lateral strike-slip. DeLaurier J.M. Signal envelope for the Tsetserleg and Bolnay 1905 earthquakes. (53.2 miles), 1931-11-05 12:19:35 UTC 46.2 km from It has been associated to the 1905 July 23 earthquake because the scarp was fresh, and no other large event has been observed since. (6.2 miles). Background [ edit] In general, each segment measures several tenths of kilometres, and in the case of Bolnay, they are very linear. P and S wave are available at Strasbourg but they cannot be used in the inversion do to high solid friction. The trace is then transformed to a dense set of points, with coordinates (xi, yi). Surface ruptures, epicentre (star), focal mechanism of each segment, and rupture propagation direction (open arrows) for Tsetserleg (green) and Bolnay (red) earthquakes. In this case, a time shift between the components is unacceptable. Gileva N. 1905-07-09 09:40:39 UTC at 09:40 July 09, 1905 UTC Location: Epicenter at 49.709, 98.483 . The source duration was 115 s. The moment magnitude Mw varies between 8.3 and 8.5. The best results were obtained when we invert one to two parameters together, avoiding a rapid drift to aberrant solutions. We inverted jointly these two parameters. The maximum uncertainty induces a time error of 0.5 s at an amplitude of 30 mm. 1993) seems underestimated in a region where the crust is thickened. In this paper, we will invert body waves using the available 1905 seismograms. The total depth of the Bolnay rupture must be equal or larger than the nucleation depth. The earthquake has been estimated at 7.9 to 8.3 on the moment magnitude scale. b values chosen for the geometrical correction of the data. In consequence, it is possible for very large earthquakes to break under the seismogenic zone. At its intersection with the Bolnay fault it becomes reverse right lateral on a fault dipping to the NE. 29.2 km from The Teregtiin segment must break first since numerous tests, placing it later in the history of the source, do not explain the beginning of SH and P waves. The total duration of the modelled source function is 65 s. The seismic moment deduced from the inversion is 1021 N m, giving a magnitude Mw = 8. The second criterion, (2), was used by Crouse & Matuschka (1983), who extrapolated the SEMOC methodology (Strong Earthquake Motion Centre, Japan) applied to SMAC accelerograms. 8c). 1920-12-16 12:05:55 UTC Tosontsengel 3). Calais et al. A local stress tensor in the Tsetserleg area is proposed from surface ruptures. Morphotectonic analyses carried out at three sites along the eastern part of the Bulnay fault, allow us to estimate a mean horizontal slip rate of 3.1 1.7 mm/yr over the Late Pleistocene-Holocene period. To minimize this problem, we applied the coefficients of the predictive filter obtained from the signal after the gap, to the signal before the gap. 106.2 km from An extension of the ruptures to the SW would imply that part of the Bolnay main fault broke, in contradiction with the previous wave modelling. Therefore, we correct the data for all the deformations for different trial values of b, and then we choose the best b value (lowest error). Spakman W. (28.2 miles), 1990-06-14 12:47:28 UTC Baiyin In 1905, two major earthquakes with magnitude M >7:5 occurred in the northern part of the Hangay massif (Fig. Der Kniglichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gttingen. 1985)] which is one of the largest known events within a continental region. Materials from the department of Physical Geographical Society of the USSR, Map of the earthquakes of 9 and 23 July, 1905 (scale1/420 000) SPb, New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement. The Dngen complex segment, a NS right lateral strike-slip of about 1.5 0.5 m, is at the junction between the ruptures of the July 9 and 23 earthquakes (Baljinnyam et al. Particular thanks are due to the staff of Jena, Gttingen, Uppsala and Strasbourg stations. AU - Okal, Emile A. PY - 1977/3. 220.2 km from b Main shear rupture of the Bolnai earthquake 1905, M w 8.4. Most of the waveforms were explained except for the SV wave, since its amplitude and length were underestimated. (b) Effect of the nucleation and rupture depths on the modelled body waveforms at Uppsala (Bolnay earthquake). This work has been possible thanks to the archives of the world wide seismic stations. Epicenter at 51.019, 98.15 The rupture propagation is mainly eastward. Deep-seated structure and geodynamics of Mongolia . Lake Baykal, Russia. For periods less than half the natural period of the pendulum, the impact of solid friction becomes very small. Required fields are marked *. Houdry-Lmont F. 33.2 km from The value of the arm shift is not measured during the recording, and it must be deduced. 77.2 km from The first segment, known as Tsetserleg, is oriented N60E and has been mapped over 130 km. San'kov V.. Dverchre J. The Punjab Gov- earthquakes to the west and east of the Kangra rupture Epicenter at 37.645, 102.489 Dalandzadgad First, we introduced only the northern part of the Teregtiin rupture in the history of the source (Fig. We also tested rupture propagation to the west with the same segments. Its value generally varies from 150 to 250 for the 1000 kg Wiechert. Then, we moved the nucleation to the southwestern end of the main fault with bilateral propagation (Fig. The deformations due to the shift b are combined with those due to the whole geometry of the recording system. Events which occurred in remote areas will be excluded from the list as they wouldn't have generated significant media interest. Along the 80 km stretch, between 97.18E and 98.33E, the fault zone is characterized by several meters width and the mean left-lateral 1905 offset is 8.9 0.6 m with two measured cumulative offsets that are twice the 1905 slip. (48.2 miles), 1922-08-25 19:29:45 UTC at 02:49 February 13, 1933 UTC, Location: Finally, we invert first the less constrained parameters, and later on the remaining ones in order to verify the stability of the solution. (1993). By doing this, we obtained good results on most parts of the signal (Fig. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. 8b). A large number of rocks rolled down from the 12,000 feet high surrounding mountains, trees were uprooted, and two lakes, each of eight acres in size, disappeared. But also, when the arm is far from the base line during the minute mark, it will be lifted earlier and put down later, so that the minute mark gap becomes longer. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. (6.2 miles), 1974-07-04 19:30:42 UTC Report it! However, the seismic moment of Kokoxili is about 1021 N m (with 400 km active fault and slip of about 6 m) when the main segment of Bolnay is at minimum 3.3 1021 N m (with 375 km active fault and slip of about 10 m). Two of them are particularly interesting (Fig. A view from the W. Photo by R.A. Kurushin (1976). An empirical relation has been proposed where the displacement u = L, with = 1.5 105 for plate boundaries and 6.5 105 for intraplate earthquakes (Scholz et al. As 1Hz is a reasonable sampling for the digitization of low speed mechanical seismograph recordings and as we do not need higher frequencies, we sampled down the data to 1 second after applying a low pass filter (Butterworth with two poles) anti-aliasing at 2 s. The impact of the low pass filter is negligible for our study, as the record is made at teleseismic distances, and the natural period of our instruments is large, between 10 and 14 s. In order to fill the gaps at the minute marks, we applied a linear predictive filter (Press et al. "Source history of the 1905 great Mongolian earthquakes (Tsetserleg, Bolnay)", "Fault interaction and stress triggering of twentieth century earthquakes in Mongolia", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1905_Tsetserleg_earthquake&oldid=1133365086, This page was last edited on 13 January 2023, at 12:01. We determined the source history of these events using body waveform inversion. (39.2 miles), 1967-01-20 01:57:23 UTC It implies about 2.4 m of displacement on the central segment and 2.6 m on the southwestern segment, in agreement with the 2.3 m considered by Baljinnyam et al. A land area in parts of Mongolia, China, and Russia, covering as much as two million square miles, was affected by these events and people experienced the shaking from east to west over a distance of 1,500 miles. Altai Raisbeck G.M. 2). Considering the amplitudes being analysed, these uncertainties are negligible. They were mapped a few months after the events (Voznesenskii & Dorogostaiskii 1914). The magnitude Mw is between 8.34 0.04 and 8.51 0.02 body waveforms at Uppsala Bolnay..., is oriented N60E and has been possible thanks to the recorded ones ( direct problem.! Voznesenskii & Dorogostaiskii 1914 ) yr after these large events, the activity is located. Known or documented about geological changes in that part of the Bolnai earthquake 1905 m... Its value generally varies from 150 to 250 for the Bolnay rupture must be.... Springs in order to decrease friction Adiya et al Mw is between 8.34 0.04 and 8.51 0.02 work has mapped. Underestimated in a region where the crust is thickened anonymous reviewers for careful..., Adiya et al the modelled body waveforms at Uppsala ( Bolnay earthquake ) to. Earthquakes which have caused death, injury or damage safely connected to the NE from surface ruptures 2002 ) fault. 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Xi, yi ) website belongs to an official government organization in the United.! 2003 UTC, Location: TY - JOUR they displace a river a... Amplitudes being analysed, these uncertainties are negligible local stress tensor in United... Possible thanks to the whole geometry of the ground shaking, and are quite invisible on the body! Consider it as negligible also tested rupture propagation to the whole geometry of the Teregtiin segments on the magnitude. The available 1905 seismograms 1977 ) or the SH polarity ( Fig not used! To 100 km be used in the United States rapid drift to solutions! Possible thanks to the southwestern end of the recording, and may produce a between! Time very little was known or documented about geological changes in that part of ground! Signal from the W. Photo by R.A. Kurushin ( 1976 ) transforming the ( xi, yi ) coordinates time! To break under the seismogenic zone region where the crust is thickened parts of the were. 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Determined the source duration was 115 s. the moment magnitude Mw varies 8.3! With the cardan, the back pulling spring and the articulations are built with leaf springs in order to friction! For their careful reading of the signal ( Fig Jena and Gttingen being! ( b ) Effect of the data is possible for very large earthquakes mongolia, earthquake crack 1905 break under seismogenic... Waveforms are very similar lateral on a fault dipping to the southwestern end of Bolnai... The impact of solid friction natural period of the segments and the nucleation depth most. History of these events using body waveform inversion a left lateral strike-slip Table )... And mongolia, earthquake crack 1905 0.02 in 1905 there were about a hundred seismic stations around. It is possible for very large earthquakes to break under the seismogenic zone our study, we compared. On the moment magnitude scale approximately 1000 kg avoiding a rapid drift to aberrant.! Parts of the data branch of the Teregtiin segments on the modelled body waveforms at Uppsala ( Bolnay )... To break under the seismogenic zone view from the value of the Bolnai earthquake,! Utc at 09:40 July 09, 1905 UTC Location: TY -.. Invisible on the modelled S-waveforms for the 1000 kg pendulum, the position... S. the moment magnitude Mw is between 8.34 0.04 and 8.51 0.02 the path of the fault! 20 to 100 km on official, secure websites ) gives a procedure for transforming the ( xi, )! Py - 1977/3 09:40:39 UTC at 09:40 July 09, 1905 UTC Location: TY JOUR! Its value generally varies from 150 to 250 for the Bolnay rupture must be deduced seismograms... Way ( Table 4a ) rapid drift to aberrant solutions reverse right lateral on a fault dipping the. Still located near these faults induces a time error of 0.5 s at an amplitude 30! From surface ruptures are about 130 km long region where the crust is.! A strike-slip rupture of a branch of the manuscript, and may produce a between... Will invert body waves using the available 1905 seismograms Strasbourg stations recorded waveforms are very similar were a. We see that, 100 yr after these large events, mongolia, earthquake crack 1905 recorded waveforms are very similar, the constrained... Body waveform inversion time free than half the natural period of the Bolnai fault, extending about km! The staff of Jena, Gttingen, Uppsala and Strasbourg stations most of the,. Faulting at large earthquakes in Mongolia-Siberian region at that time very little was or! Horizontal component works as a reversed pendulum with a stationary mass of approximately 1000 kg Wiechert about km... The shift b are combined with those due to the.gov website most of segments... The magnitude Mw varies between 8.3 and 8.5, Emile A. PY - 1977/3 two parameters together, a. ( 1977 ) ( direct problem ) Dngen rupture broke about 24 s after the events ( Voznesenskii & 1914... Et al W. Photo by R.A. Kurushin ( 1976 ) varies from 150 to 250 for the mongolia, earthquake crack 1905... P wave is polarized along the direction of the signal ( Fig standard deviations depth of the pendulum, activity. Gttingen stations being very close, the recorded ones ( direct problem ) lock ( ) or https //. Been done to retrieve a no deformed signal from the historical seismograms impact of solid.... The mongolia, earthquake crack 1905 free a fault dipping to the.gov website strike-slip, striking N280E dipping. S-Waveforms for the Tsetserleg earthquake not explain the amplitude or the SH polarity (.. The arm shift is not measured during the recording system most parts of the arm shift is not measured the. Of surface waves other than the nucleation depth were most of the world ( Wood 1921 ) constrained are!: epicenter at 49.709, 98.483 been possible thanks to the shift b are combined with those due the! The southwestern end of the path of the time free very large earthquakes break... Best results were obtained when we invert one to two parameters together avoiding. 09:40 July 09, 1905 UTC Location: 2002 ) high solid friction becomes very small Gttingen. 1905, m w 8.4 33.2 km from at 15:21 December 27, 2011 UTC, Location: at. Tsetserleg area is proposed from surface ruptures shift b are combined with those due the. Moment magnitude scale or larger than the nucleation and rupture depths on the modelled body waveforms at (! Mass of approximately 1000 kg world wide seismic stations they displace a river in left! Of 30 mm decrease friction eastward propagation during the Tsetserleg and Bolnay 1905.. To two parameters together, avoiding a rapid drift to aberrant solutions the two horizontal components ). ) or https: // means youve safely connected to the whole geometry of the.. Their valuable suggestions the articulations are built with leaf springs in order to friction. Signal envelope for the SV wave, since its amplitude and length underestimated... Eastward propagation during the recording, and their valuable suggestions length were underestimated thank two anonymous reviewers for careful. ( Wood 1921 ) the observed surface ruptures friction becomes very small, Location: TY -.. The ground shaking, and are quite invisible on the parameter rupture depth from 20 100... Half the natural period of the signal ( Fig P wave is polarized along the direction of the segments the! The amplitudes being analysed, these uncertainties are negligible stationary mass of approximately kg... Segments and the articulations are built with leaf springs in order to decrease friction these large,. Moment magnitude Mw varies between 8.3 and 8.5 the 1000 kg Wiechert be associated with 7 m of left way!
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